QUICK OVERVIEW
IDENTIFY FROM TEXT DIAGRAM and GIVE FUNCTION
Mouth
Teeth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Epiglottis
Cardiac Sphincter
Stomach
Pyloric Sphincter
Duodenum (first 25 cm)
Small intestine (last 5m)
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
DESCRIBE SWALLOWING AND PERISTALSIS
Contributory Glands
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas: Exocrine
Endocrine
A Detailed Look at Digestion
STOMACH-STRUCTURE/FUNCTION
Outline the roles of HCl, pepsin and mucus
PANCREAS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Endocrine function. Identify the hormones and their actions.
SMALL INTESTINE STRUCTURE /FUNCTION
The duodenum is the first 25 cm of the small intestine that leads off of the stomach.
It is here that most chemical digestion occurs.
4 food groups are digested here. The enzymes come from the pancreas through the common bile duct into the duodenum.
The reactions are:
Fats are emulsified in duodenum by bile salts stored in the gall bladder.
Why?
Note that maltose and peptides still need to be broken-down, fatty acids and glycerol are ready for absorption.
Final digestion in the small intestine is brought about by intestinal juice secreted from the walls of the small intestine.
Describe the digestion of Maltose and Peptides
SMALL INTESTINE SPECIALIZED FOR ABSORPTION
Large surface area of villi with numerous finger-like microvilli that increase the efficiency of absorption of simple sugars,
fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids, and nucleotides.
Sketch and label a villus
LARGE INTESTINE, ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Designed to absorb 98 % of the water presented to it.
- Bacteria (E. coli) are in the large intestine, they breakdown indigestible food wastes. And in return they provide:
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TO HUMAN NUTRITION
- Carbohydrates
- Fatty acids
Essential Proteins must be supplied by diet, they are the amino acids that the body cannot make, they have to be taken in from external sources, there are 9 of them.
- Amino acids are used to
- Vitamins, many act with coenzymes as
Biological Compounds
Name
Water
1. Describe waters role in the Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Organic Polymers
- Show an example for each.
2. Define: acid, base, buffer and explain the role of each to living cells.
- Define acid.
- Define base.
- Define Buffer and explain their role in human physiology
- Explain pH with examples using the pH scale.
What happens to pH when the [H+] increases?
3. Explain why water is an excellent: solvent, temperature regulator and lubricant.
-
PROTEINS
1. State the four major functions of proteins.
- Give examples.of each
2. Describe the structure of proteins.
- Sketch the functional groups of an amino acid
-amine group
-acid group
-R group
3. Explain how each of the 20 amino acids are different.
- R group idea.
4. Define peptide bond; illustrate the synthesis of a dipeptide.
5. Differentiate between the different Levels of Structure in Proteins
- Primary Structure: Describe/sketch, main type of bond
- Secondary Structure: Define, role of hydrogen bond.
- Tertiary Structure: Define, type of bonds
- Quaternary Structure: Define.
CARBOHYDRATES
1. Define carbohydrate and list the main functions of carbohydrates in living organisms.
- Define carbohydrate.
- Describe the three functions of carbohydrates.
- Ratio of C : H : O.
2. Differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides.
- Define monosaccharide. List 3 monosaccharides
- Define disaccharide. Show synthesis of maltose.
3. Polysaccharides: compare cellulose, starch, and glycogen in terms of their structure and function in biological systems.
- Importance of starch, glycogen, and cellulose in biological systems.
- Explain and recognize how glycogen, starch, cellulose are structurally different.
LIPIDS
1. Explain the occurrence of lipids, and their importance in the human body.
- Solubility of lipids in water.
- Roles of fats .
- Neutral Fats ((triglycerides)
a. Components of neutral fat.
b. Recognize components
c. Explain difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid.
- Phospholipids.
a. Components of phospholipids.
b. Explain nonpolar and polar ends.
c. solubility in water.
d. Role in cell membranes.
- Steroids.
a. Describe their structure. (think Olympic rings)
b. List a few examples of steroid hormones
Nucleic Acids
1. Explain the locations of nucleic acids.
- Locations in the cell.
2. List the important nucleic acids and give their function.
- DNA
- RNA
- ATP
3. Explain the relationship of nucleotides and nucleic acids.
4. List the parts of a nucleotide.
- Sketch and label a nucleotide
5. Be able to classify ATP, explain its role in cells and outline its structure.
- Sketch the structure and label the three phosphate groups
- Cellular role [Include the formula for cellular respiration]
